Age-at-death estimation
Age at death: iliac sacro-pelvic surface (Schmitt, 2005)
Estimates adult age at death from four characters of the iliac sacro-pelvic surface, and gives the probability distribution over five age classes together with the chronological interval proposed by the author.
Schmitt, A. (2005). Une nouvelle méthode pour estimer l'âge au décès des adultes à partir de la surface sacro-pelvienne iliaque. Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, 17(1-2), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.4000/bmsap.943
/t/age-auriculaire-schmitt
DOI
10.4000/bmsap.943
Notes
This tool uses table IV, computed from a reference population with a uniform age distribution. The article also publishes a table III, based on a life expectancy at birth of 30 years, and leaves the choice to the user; it states, however, that "in the particular context of forensic medicine, a uniform age distribution is more appropriate" (Schmitt 2005, §§ 28 and 38-40).
Version
1.0
Age at death: pubic symphysis (Schmitt, 2008)
Discriminates individuals who died before or after 40 years from three characters of the pubic symphysis, and gives the probability distribution over three age classes.
Schmitt, A. (2008). Une nouvelle méthode pour discriminer les individus décédés avant ou après 40 ans à partir de la symphyse pubienne. Journal de Médecine Légale Droit Médical, 51(1), 15-24.
/t/age-symphyse-schmitt
Version
1.0
MNI estimation
Minimum number of individuals - long bones
Estimation of the minimum number of individuals (MNI) from osteometric measurements taken on the humerus, radius, femur and tibia, by successive elimination (RAE method): each measurement is compared to the others through prediction intervals (linear regression, 99% interval), and measurements that cannot belong to any already-counted individual are counted in turn.
Knecht, S., Biehler-Gomez, L., Krüger, G., Liebenberg, L., Ouladsine, M., Cattaneo, C., Roman, C., & Adalian, P. (2026). A robust forensic reasoning to estimate the minimum number of individuals: the certain exclusion. International Journal of Legal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-026-03884-0
/t/mni-long-bones
Version
1.0
Sex estimation
Sex estimation - long bones
Sex estimation from twelve osteometric measurements taken on the humerus, radius, femur and tibia, using a machine-learning model (linear discriminant analysis) validated on three reference samples.
Knecht, S., Santos, F., Ardagna, Y., Alunni, V., Adalian, P., & Nogueira, L. (2023). Sex estimation from long bones: a machine learning approach. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 137(6), 1887-1895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-023-03072-4
Knecht, S., Krüger, G., Liebenberg, L., Ardagna, Y., Perrin, M., Ouladsine, M., ... & Adalian, P. (2026). Case-specific accuracy in sex estimation from long bones in forensic anthropology: an "Accuracy x-Factors" approach. Forensic Science International, 112820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112820
Knecht, S., Morandini, P., Biehler-Gomez, L., Ardagna, Y., Perrin, M., Cattaneo, C., ... & Adalian, P. (2026). Interpretable machine learning for individualized sex estimation from long bones. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 140(2), 983-995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03635-7
Knecht, S., Morandini, P., Biehler-Gomez, L., Ouladsine, M., Roman, C., Cattaneo, C., & Adalian, P. (2026). Population-specific validation of long bone linear discriminant analysis against morphoscopic pelvic methods for sex estimation in contemporary Italian skeletal remains. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 71(3), 1388-1397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.70293
/t/sex-long-bones
Version
1.0
Stature estimation
Stature: long limb bones
Estimates adult stature from the length of the long limb bones, applying every available equation from several authors, and reports whether the resulting intervals overlap.
Cleuvenot, E., & Houët, F. (1993). Proposition de nouvelles équations d'estimation de stature applicables pour un sexe indéterminé, et basées sur les échantillons de Trotter et Gleser. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, nouvelle série, 5(1-2), 245-255. https://doi.org/10.3406/bmsap.1993.2354
Olivier, G., Aaron, C., Fully, G., & Tissier, G. (1978). New Estimations of Stature and Cranial Capacity in Modern Man. Journal of Human Evolution, 7, 513-518.
/t/stature-os-longs
Version
1.0